Nanodevices All enzymes are beautiful, but ATP synthase is one of the most beautiful as well as one of the most unusual and mportant ----------Paul Boyer (Nobel Prize Laureate 1997) ATP, the major currency of energy for biological systems, is synthesized by an enzyme called ATP synthase. ATP synthase is composed of a membrane-embedded, proton-conducting portion (Fo), and a soluble, protruding headpiece with ATPase activity (F1). When protons flow through Fo, ATP is synthesized in F1, and when F1 hydrolyze ATP, protons flow in reverse direction through Fo. It has been demonstrated that both Fo and F1 are rotary motors, and they are mechanically coupled by a common shaft, the y subunit. Although the ATPase is not designed by nature to be used as a motor protein, it’s among the most robust biomolecular motors. With a diameter of about 8 nm and a height of about 14 nm, F1-ATPase produces 80-100 pN*nm rotary torque, and can rotate a microfilament or Ni rod 100 times longer (micron) at a speed of several revolutions per second (depending on specific experimental conditions). With these unique features, F1-ATPase is very promising for constructing future’s nanodevices. Currently we are using various nano-structures, ranging from inorganic to biological, to explore potential applications of this splendid biomotor in biomedical engineering.